With the addition of a payload in the middle, RoboBall III is ready to bounce across the moon for science.
On a good day, the rock quarry in central Texas is about 370,000 kilometers (230,000 miles) from themoon. But last February, when Rishi Jangale watched his 1.8-meter-wide, 150-kilogram inflatable robot roll effortlessly over rocks, gravel, and wet clay, his imagination turned the quarry into the lunar surface instead.
Jangale is an upbeat mechanical engineer nearing the end of his Ph.D. at Texas A&M University, in College Station, Texas. He and his labmates have been working on this big tan “RoboBall” for about five years. Their goal: create a vehicle capable ofexploring some of the most inaccessible terrainin oursolar system, such as the 21 km-wide Shackleton crater on the moon’s south pole.
The Shackleton crater is 4 km deep and contains many smaller, deeper craters within. Some parts of the crater never see the sun, and within these perpetually dark, frigid pockets lie mysterious substances that planetary scientists have long struggled to examine, including layers of ancient lunargeologyand stores of frozen water that could potentially support a future lunar base.
“The moon is like an archive of what happened to the Earth,” saysSara Russell, a cosmic mineralogist with London’s Natural History Museum who is not involved with Texas A&M’s work. “Robotic collection works brilliantly well, and it’s great to see that being explored more in this context.”
“NASA is not going to let astronauts get anywhere near these craters, because if someone falls in, you’re not going to be able to get them out,” Jangale says. “So we thought, what better shape to roll down a hill than a ball?” In arecent paperpublished inIEEE Transactions on FieldRobotics, Jangale’s team reports on the design of RoboBall, a hypothetical lunar mission, and the results from initial tests in the Texas quarry.
RoboBall is the brainchild of Jangale’s advisor,former NASA robotics engineer Robert Ambrose, who first conceived of the design in 2003.
Ambrose figured that a ball could address a pesky mobility risk that robots face on lunar terrain, especially in low gravity:tipping over. An inflatable sphere can’t tip over, and the form factor also insulates its internal components from sharp rocks, dust, and the huge temperature swings from over 93 °C in sunlit spots to minus 240 °C in the shade inside lunar craters. Ambrose imagined a wheeled rover parking at a crater’s edge and releasing a …
A robotic rover would ferry RoboBall across the lunar surface to the edge of a crater.R. Jangale, D. Pravecek, et al.
NASAhasn’t brought lunar samples back to Earth in over 50 years. Some morsels of moon geology find their way to Earth as meteorites, but Russell says these lack the “gold standard” field work—context about where that sample actually came from. Even as NASA reboots its crewed moon missions, many lunar sites remain inaccessible.
In 2022, Ambrose’s lab finished a proof of concept, the 0.5-meter-wide RoboBall II. Creating the full-size RoboBall III then took about 11 months. “We were building these robots really quickly,” Jangale says. “Ambrose really encourages us to use and break these robots.” And designs did go awry. Jangale remembers software errors and a drivetrain that proved too weak to roll over soft bumps in initial tests.
RoboBall drives by moving a pendulum within its shell, shifting its entire center of mass. On flat ground, if the pendulum’s arm points forward, the shell rolls forward to compensate, and as long as the pendulum keeps the center of mass in front of the center of the ball, RoboBall will keep rolling forward. If the pendulum leans a few degrees to the left or right, RoboBall steers left or right to match. “The robot wants to go where you point the …
“The beauty here is the simplicity,” says Hiro Ono, an aerospace engineer who worked on robot mobility at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab for 13 years before joiningGeorgia Tech. Forspace robots, Ono describes simplicity in terms of the number ofactuators. RoboBall has just two, and both are fully inside of the shell, shielded from environmental risk factors like dust, a feature that Ono describes as “unique.”
After the first quarry tests, it took about seven months for the team to design and build an upgraded RoboBall III with 2.5 times more torque—enough to fling itself over small obstacles and roll up 20 degree slopes.
A small rocket can launch out of the center of the RoboBall to return a sample back to a rover outside the crater.R. Jangale, D. Pravecek, et al.
In the new paper, the remotely operated RoboBall III descended the quarry’s slopes, navigated soft terrain, and launched hypothetical payloads back out of the crater with small rockets. Powered by a large battery, the robot would inflate itself during a lunar mission and charge up from a robotic rover at the edge of a crater before heading out on its own.
RoboBall is probably not the right platform for all kinds of missions—its slightly bumbling nature means that it’s not ideal if you want to collect a sample from a very specific rock, for example. For now, the team hopes to work with scientists designing lunar science instruments to physically fit into RoboBall’s carry-on-luggage-size interior, while also fitting in with how RoboBall operates. “The robot is not the mission,” Jangale says. “The ro…
The current version of RoboBall cost roughly $250,000 to build, but is not quite ready for the moon in its current form. While its gold-treated aluminum parts are appropriate for space missions, its other materials are not. Space-grade electronics will cost more, and the ball’s shell—made from a material tough enough to roll over steel shards and withstand minus 184 °C temperatures—has never been evaluated in lunar extremes. Aside from materials …
Later this year, Texas A&M will opena new facilityin Houston with the world’s largest indoor simulated moon andMarslandscapes. The facility is only 190 km from Jangale’s quarry. It’s still about 370,000 km from the moon, but it’s going to help Jangale get his robot quite a bit closer.
Max G. Levyis an independent science journalist based in Los Angeles. His work appears in Wired, Quanta Magazine, MIT Technology Review.
Its a fantastic idea that a pumpkin like Robo ball exploring the lunar crater surface. For uphill and down hill journey , it is advisable to make gear mechanism to control the speed of Robo ball. Robo ball does not have grip to avoid slide down in lunar crater surface. Like War Tanks belt & wheel movement, We can make grip mechanism in Robo ball.
In other planetary surface exploration , we can make Robo ball with grip chain wheel mechanism for free movement in
Sounds like the Swedish Rotundus GroundBot reinvented again. It also has a pendulum actuator completely enclosed inside the spherical shell. One of the challenges is of course where to place cameras, rocket launchers and such, that need physical access to the outside world.
Really interesting idea. The simple design of RoboBall could make it useful for exploring difficult lunar terrain that traditional rovers may not be able to reach. It will be interesting to see how the technology develops.